RECONCEPTUALIZING SECURITY: POST-CXIX DILEMMAS FOR THE NATIONAL SECURITY INSTITUTIONS
Keywords:
Artificial Intelligence, bioterrorism, hegemony, neoconservatism, digital diplomacyAbstract
The Covid-19 (CXIX) pandemic is the greatest socio-political tragedy of the 21st century that has significantly changed the international security discourse. The changes have led to new debates on the depth and breadth of security for the national security institutions. That means the concept of security has undergone different phases in history, from Homo Sapiens to Homo Technologicus, recreating different meanings of national security. This article seeks to examine the concept of ‘security’ through prisms of realist and liberal approaches, international politics and security. The CXIX or the post-CXIX political landscapes may lead to a fundamental reconceptualization of security, and indeed, the dominant theories and approaches will undergo discursive changes over the period. Therefore, the understanding of the two dominant approaches – realism and liberalism – may allow Bangladeshi or South Asian security thinkers to rethink security through correlative approaches that would include a comprehensive view of what would constitute security and challenges for the state during the post-CXIX World.
Downloads
References
Al-Rodhan, N. R. F. (2007). The Five Dimensions of Global Security: Proposal for a Multi-sum Security Principle. Berlin: LIT Verlag.
Ariely, D. (2009). The End of Rational Economics. Harvard Business Review, Volume July-August 2009.
Ayres, A. (2020). Democratic Values No Longer Define U.S.-Indian Relations: Principles Take a Back Seat to Realpolitik. Foreign Affairs, 11 March.
Baylis, J. (2008). The Concept of Security in International Relations. In: B. H. e. al., ed. Globalization and Environmental Challenges. Berlin: Springer.
BBC, (2016). Chilcot report: Findings at-a-glance. [Online] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-36721645 [Accessed 12 July 2020].
Bull, H. (1977). The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. 3rd ed. New York: Columbia University Press.
Buzan, B. (2003). Regional Security Complex Theory in the Post-Cold War World. In: F. Söderbaum & T. Shaw, eds. Theories of New Regionalism. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Carr, E. H. (1939). The Twenty Years’ Crisis: 1919-1939. New York: Perennial.
Council on Foreign Relations (2019). US Dependence on Pharmaceutical Products from China. [Online] Available at: https://www.cfr.org/blog/us-dependence-pharmaceutical-products-china [Accessed 16 March 2020].
Drezner, D. W., Krebs, R. R., & Schweller, R. (2020). The End of Grand Strategy. Foreign Affairs, 13 April.
Eriksson, J. & Giacomello, G. (2006). The Information Revolution, Security, and International Relations: (IR) relevant Theory? International Political Science Review, 27(3), pp. 221-244.
Escobar, P. (2020). China rolls out the Health Silk Road. [Online] Available at: https://asiatimes.com/2020/04/china-rolls-out-the-health-silk-road/ [Accessed 02 April 2020].
Fountain, J. E. (2001). Building the Virtual State: Information Technology and Institutional Change. Washington DC: Brookings Institution.
Fuchs, M. (2020). A Foreign Policy for the Post-Pandemic World: How to Prepare for the Next Crisis. Foreign Affairs, 24 July.
Gordon, J. (2007). When Unilateralism Is Invisible: A Different Perspective on the Oil-for-Food Scandal. Global governance, 13(1), pp. 59-77.
Harari, Y. N. (2019). Who Will Win the Race for AI? China and the United States are leading the pack—and the laggards face grave dangers. Foreign Policy, 22 January.
Harari, Y. N. (2020). Speech at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting. Davos, World Economic Forum.
Independent Commission on Multilateralism (2016). The Impact of New Technologies on Peace, Security, and Development, New York: International Peace Institute.
International Commission of Jurists (2018). Bearing the Brunt of War in Yemen: International Law Violations and their Impact on the Civilian Population, Geneva: International Commission of Jurists.
Kaddar, M. (2012). Global Vaccine Market Features and Trends, Geneva: World Health Organization.
Kagan, R. (2019). Springtime for Strongmen: The World’s authoritarians are on the march—and the West helped pave the way. Foreign Policy, 22 January.
Khan, S. E. (2018). The Emerging Dynamics in Trade and Investment Relations between Bangladesh and China from Geopolitical Perspective. BEI Journal, 1(1).
Khan, S. E., & Sharma, P. (2020). Revisiting Health Security: The Effect of COVID-19 Across South Asia, Kathmandu: Nepal Institute for International Cooperation and Engagement.
Kristol, I. (1995). Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea. New York: The Free Press.
Lasswell, H. D. (1936). Politics: Who Gets What, When, How. New York: Whittlesey House.
Len, C. (2015). China’s 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative, Energy Security and SLOC Access. Maritime Affairs, 11, pp. 1–18.
Lippmann, W. (1944). US Foreign Policy. London: Hamish Hamilton.
Li, Y. (2020). Coronavirus highlights the $35 billion vaccine market. Here are the key players. [Online] Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/21/coronavirus-brings-light-to-the-35-billion-vaccine-market.html [Accessed 21 July 2020].
Markowski, S., Chand, S., & Wylie, R. (2017). Economic Growth and Demand for Military Expenditure in the Indo-Pacific Asia Region. Defence and Peace Economics, 28(4), pp. 473-490.
Nye, J. S. (2004a). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: Public Affairs.
Nye, J. S. (2004b). Power in the Global Information Age: From Realism to Globalization. London: Routledge.
Pavone, V., Gomez, E. S., & Jaquet-Chifelle, D. -O. (2016). A Systemic Approach to Security: Beyond the Trade-off between Security and Liberty. Democracy and security, 12(4), pp. 225-246.
Perkins, M. (2015). From Homo Sapiens to Homo Technologicus. The Stanford Daily. [Online] Available at: https://www.stanforddaily.com/2015/01/19/from-homo-sapiens-to-homo-technologicus/ [Accessed 19 August 2020].
Saran, S. (2020). Technology: Digital Epiphany? COVID-19 and Our Tech Futures, Cologny: World Economic Forum.
Schwab, K. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution: what it means, how to respond. [Online] Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond [Accessed 29 June 2020].
Simić, J. (2020). Serbia turns to China due to ‘lack of EU solidarity’ on coronavirus. [Online] Available at: https://www.euractiv.com/section/china/news/serbia-turns-to-china-due-to-lack-of-eu-solidarity-on-coronavirus/ [Accessed 21 March 2020].
SIPRI (2020a). Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2019, Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
SIPRI (2020b). Importer/Exporter TIV Tables, Stockholm: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
Tandon, A., & Slobodchikoff, M. O. (2019). Security in South Asia. The Roundtable: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs, 108(2), pp. 117-119.
The Human Rights Council, 2018. Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on Myanmar, Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.
TNT World (2018). In 2018, Israel became the most condemned nation at the UN. [Online] Available at: https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/in-2018-israel-became-the-most-condemned-nation-at-the-un-22899 [Accessed 21 July 2020].
Ullman, R. (1983). Redefining Security. International Security, 8(1), pp. 129-153.
UN News (2004). Lessons of Iraq war underscore importance of UN Charter - Annan. [Online] Available at: https://news.un.org/en/story/2004/09/115352-lessons-iraq-war-underscore-importance-un-charter-annan [Accessed 22 July 2020].
United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security (2005). Human Security in Theory and Practice, Geneva: Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
Wæver, O. (1993). Securitization and De-securitization. Copenhagen: Centre for Peace and Conflict Research.
Walt, S. M. (1991). The Renaissance of Security Studies. International Studies Quarterly, 35(1), pp. 211-239.
Waltz, K. (2010). Theory of International Politics. 1st ed. Long Grove: Waveland Publisher.
Woods, N. (2020). Global Governance: Planning for the World After COVID-19, Cologny: World Economic Forum.
World Health Organization (2020). Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. [Online] Available at: https://www.who.int/immunization/programmes_systems/procurement/market/en/ [Accessed 02 July 2020].
Xinhua (2018). Backgrounder: Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. [Online] Available at: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-03/17/c_137046261.htm [Accessed 30 June 2020].
Zakaria, F. (2019). The End of Economics? Human beings are rarely rational—so it’s time we all stopped pretending they are. Foreign Policy, 22 January.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2020 NDC E-JOURNAL
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
+88 02 8031111 Ext. 3299
